This started as a summary of a random essay Robert Epstein (fuck, that’s an unfortunate surname) cooked up back in 2016, and evolved into a diatribe about how the AI bubble affects how we think of human cognition.
This is probably a bit outside awful’s wheelhouse, but hey, this is MoreWrite.
The TL;DR
The general article concerns two major metaphors for human intelligence:
- The information processing (IP) metaphor, which views the brain as some form of computer (implicitly a classical one, though you could probably cram a quantum computer into that metaphor too)
- The anti-representational metaphor, which views the brain as a living organism, which constantly changes in response to experiences and stimuli, and which contains jack shit in the way of any computer-like components (memory, processors, algorithms, etcetera)
Epstein’s general view is, if the title didn’t tip you off, firmly on the anti-rep metaphor’s side, dismissing IP as “not even slightly valid” and openly arguing for dumping it straight into the dustbin of history.
His main major piece of evidence for this is a basic experiment, where he has a student draw two images of dollar bills - one from memory, and one with a real dollar bill as reference - and compare the two.
Unsurprisingly, the image made with a reference blows the image from memory out of the water every time, which Epstein uses to argue against any notion of the image of a dollar bill (or anything else, for that matter) being stored in one’s brain like data in a hard drive.
Instead, he argues that the student making the image had re-experienced seeing the bill when drawing it from memory, with their ability to do so having come because their brain had changed at the sight of many a dollar bill up to this point to enable them to do it.
Another piece of evidence he brings up is a 1995 paper from Science by Michael McBeath regarding baseballers catching fly balls. Where the IP metaphor reportedly suggests the player roughly calculates the ball’s flight path with estimates of several variables (“the force of the impact, the angle of the trajectory, that kind of thing”), the anti-rep metaphor (given by McBeath) simply suggests the player catches them by moving in a manner which keeps the ball, home plate and the surroundings in a constant visual relationship with each other.
The final piece I could glean from this is a report in Scientific American about the Human Brain Project (HBP), a $1.3 billion project launched by the EU in 2013, made with the goal of simulating the entire human brain on a supercomputer. Said project went on to become a “brain wreck” less than two years in (and eight years before its 2023 deadline) - a “brain wreck” Epstein implicitly blames on the whole thing being guided by the IP metaphor.
Said “brain wreck” is a good place to cap this section off - the essay is something I recommend reading for yourself (even if I do feel its arguments aren’t particularly strong), and its not really the main focus of this little ramblefest. Anyways, onto my personal thoughts.
Some Personal Thoughts
Personally, I suspect the AI bubble’s made the public a lot less receptive to the IP metaphor these days, for a few reasons:
- Articial Idiocy
The entire bubble was sold as a path to computers with human-like, if not godlike intelligence - artificial thinkers smarter than the best human geniuses, art generators better than the best human virtuosos, et cetera. Hell, the AIs at the centre of this bubble are running on neural networks, whose functioning is based on our current understanding of how the brain works. [Missed this incomplete sensence first time around :P]
What we instead got was Google telling us to eat rocks and put glue in pizza, chatbots hallucinating everything under the fucking sun, and art generators drowning the entire fucking internet in pure unfiltered slop, identifiable in the uniquely AI-like errors it makes. And all whilst burning through truly unholy amounts of power and receiving frankly embarrassing levels of hype in the process.
(Quick sidenote: Even a local model running on some rando’s GPU is a power-hog compared to what its trying to imitate - digging around online indicates your brain uses only 20 watts of power to do what it does.)
With the parade of artificial stupidity the bubble’s given us, I wouldn’t fault anyone for coming to believe the brain isn’t like a computer at all.
- Inhuman Learning
Additionally, AI bros have repeatedly and incessantly claimed that AIs are creative and that they learn like humans, usually in response to complaints about the Biblical amounts of art stolen for AI datasets.
Said claims are, of course, flat-out bullshit - last I checked, human artists only need a few references to actually produce something good and original, whilst your average LLM will produce nothing but slop no matter how many terabytes upon terabytes of data you throw at its dataset.
This all arguably falls under the “Artificial Idiocy” heading, but it felt necessary to point out - these things lack the creativity or learning capabilities of humans, and I wouldn’t blame anyone for taking that to mean that brains are uniquely unlike computers.
- Eau de Tech Asshole
Given how much public resentment the AI bubble has built towards the tech industry (which I covered in my previous post), my gut instinct’s telling me that the IP metaphor is also starting to be viewed in a harsher, more “tech asshole-ish” light - not just merely a reductive/incorrect view on human cognition, but as a sign you put tech over human lives, or don’t see other people as human.
Of course, AI providing a general parade of the absolute worst scumbaggery we know (with Mira Murati being an anti-artist scumbag and Sam Altman being a general creep as the biggest examples) is probably helping that fact, alongside all the active attempts by AI bros to mimic real artists (exhibit A, exhibit B).
To be frank, it feels like I’m being told that the Riemann hypothesis is incorrect on the basis that 1 + 1 = 2
Sure, maybe brains don’t actually compute anything, but “Our memory is faulty” would be the first step in getting to the evidence, not the evidence itself, assuming “our memory is faulty” is even the direction we need to go.
It could easily be argued, with just as much evidence, that our brains prioritized efficiency over accuracy with its algorithms and that’s why it’s harder to recall an accurate image of a dollar bill.
I think a more likely takeaway is that the brain doesn’t remember a dollar bill as an image, but as, y’know, a dollar bill. The color, rough dimensions, picture of a dead president, and numbers in the corners were probably right, but it’s more important to remember the social, emotional, and cultural context of it (e.g. that money can be exchanged for goods and services) rather than the specific details of the anti theft patterns, which are intentionally designed to be “noise” and hard to replicate. In the IP metaphor, we could talk in terms of lossy compression of visual data.
And that’s why I think the IP metaphor is useful. It’s all well and good to talk about the brain as being fundamentally different from a computer, but in terms of discrete functions we know how computers work at a level we don’t for the brain, and so it’s useful to be able to analogize.