These findings underscore that chronic, sublethal chlorothalonil exposure not only induces larval mortality but also adversely affects fecundity in adult insects.

Amid growing concerns over pesticide-induced insect decline and environmental pollution, interest in sustainable biopesticides has increased, with a particular focus on botanical fungicides derived from plant-based compounds. These natural metabolites offer effective disease control while exhibiting low toxicity to non-target organisms, making them strong candidates for environmentally friendly pest management. Additionally, their compatibility with integrated pest management programmes promotes biodiversity conservation by preserving beneficial insect populations, including pollinators and natural enemies. Collectively, these attributes highlight the value of biopesticides in advancing ecologically responsible and sustainable agricultural practices.